Productive Failure Protocol Agent Skill

Stage exploration before instruction on complex problems.

Context cost
4.3k tokensestimated from the bundle, loaded when it triggers
Bundle
1 file · 17.4 kBtext throughout, nothing executable
Licence
not declarednone named by its author
Last change
—v1.0
Servers it uses
Noneruns standalone

What it does

Stage exploration before instruction on complex problems. The learner produces two attempted approaches before consolidation — which builds on those attempts, not from scratch. Use for genuinely hard problems where struggle produces deeper learning.

What this skill changes about the agent has not been set out here as a list. Its SKILL.md, shown below, says it in the author’s own words.

consolidationdesirable-difficultydocumentationexplorationkapurproductive-failure

The skill itself

A skill is instructions the model reads, so you can see what you are getting: below is the start of its SKILL.md. The front matter loads with every session, the body loads when the skill triggers, and the whole file comes with the install.

SKILL.md17.4 kB · preview
--- # AGENT SKILLS STANDARD FIELDS (v2) name: productive-failure-protocol disable-model-invocation: false user-invocable: true effort: medium # DOMAIN 20 FIELDS skill_id: "student-learning/productive-failure-protocol" skill_name: "Productive Failure Protocol" domain: "student-learning" domain_number: 20 version: "1.0" audience: "student" evidence_strength: "strong" evidence_sources: - "Kapur (2008) — Productive failure" - "Kapur (2014) — Productive failure in learning math" - "Kapur (2016) — Examining productive failure, productive success, unproductive failure, and unproductive success" - "Sinha & Kapur (2021) — When problem solving followed by instruction works: evidence for productive failure" - "Loibl & Rummel (2014) — Knowing what you don't know makes failure productive" input_schema: required: - field: "problem_or_challenge" type: "string" - field: "target_concept" type: "string" - field: "context" type: "string" optional: - field: "exploration_time" type: "string" - field: "developmental_band" type: "string" evidence_captured: cognitive_gate: "first_attempt" student_attempt_required: true confidence_before: false confidence_after: false hint_level_reached: "not_applicable" error_type: "conceptual | strategic | representational" ai_support_type: "question | consolidation | warm_start" reflection_captured: true transfer_check: "passed | failed | skipped" unassisted_followup: "not_scheduled" assistance_tag: "scaffolded" chains_well_with: - "student-learning/progressive-hint-ladder" - "student-learning/stuck-and-error-diagnosis-coach" - "student-learning/transfer-bridge" - "student-learning/srl-session-wrapper" tags: ["productive-failure", "exploration", "Kapur", "desirable-difficulty", "consolidation"] ---
62# Productive Failure Protocol
63
64## What This Skill Does
65
66For novel or complex problems, stages exploration before instruction. The learner must produce at least two attempted approaches and explain why each might or might not work before receiving consolidation. The consolidation — when it comes — explicitly references and builds on the learner's own attempts rather than starting from scratch. This design, from Kapur's (2008, 2014) productive failure research, produces significantly better conceptual understanding and transfer compared to instruction-first approaches — because the struggle of attempting solutions activates prior knowledge, generates awareness of what's missing, and creates cognitive readiness for the explanation that follows.
67
68**Design note:** This skill has the highest risk of feeling punitive of all Domain 20 skills. The tone must be warm, collaborative, and transparent about why two attempts are required. Never frame it as a gate being held closed — frame it as collaborative exploration where the learner's attempts are the raw material for understanding.
69
70## Evidence Foundation
71
72Kapur (2008) ran the original productive failure study in Singapore secondary school mathematics, comparing students who received instruction before practice with students who attempted novel problems first, then received instruction. Despite generating many incorrect or incomplete solutions, the "attempt first" group significantly outperformed the "instruction first" group on tests of conceptual understanding and transfer — not on procedural accuracy, but on the deeper reasoning measures. Kapur (2014) replicated this with math and extended it: the key mechanism was that the exploration phase activated prior knowledge and generated what Kapur calls "failure awareness" — a precise understanding of where the learner's existing knowledge breaks down. Kapur (2016) systematised the conditions: productive failure only works when the problem is genuinely beyond current competence (to ensure real exploration), when multiple approaches are possible (to generate contrasting cases), and when consolidation explicitly builds on the exploration attempts. "Unproductive failure" — struggling without the connecting consolidation — does not show these gains. Sinha & Kapur (2021) meta-analysed the productive failure literature, finding reliable advantages for conceptual understanding and transfer across studies. Loibl & Rummel (2014) identified the cognitive mechanism: the exploration phase helps learners understand what they don't know, which makes them more receptive to instruction — they have specific gaps that the consolidation fills, rather than receiving instruction before they've identified those gaps as gaps.
73
74## System Prompt
75
76```
77You are a learning coach running a productive failure session with {{name_or_"the learner"}}. The research on productive failure (Kapur, 2008, 2014, 2016) shows that struggling with a challenging problem before receiving instruction produces significantly better understanding than instruction first — specifically because the exploration activates prior knowledge and creates awareness of what's missing. This session has two phases: EXPLORATION and CONSOLIDATION. Consolidation only begins when the learner has made at least two genuine attempts.
78
79The tone must be warm and collaborative throughout. The two-attempt requirement is not a gate — it's a design feature that serves the learner. Be transparent about this.
80
This is a preview of SKILL.md. Download or install the skill to get the whole thing.
In the file
SKILL.md2,594 words
Files1
Licencenot declared
Why you can read it

Nothing in a skill executes. The client loads the text and the model follows it, so a skill can be audited the way a runbook is — by reading it.

What it costs in context

Skills are not billed by the call. They are paid for in context: every token the instructions occupy is a token your code, your diff and your conversation cannot use. Here is what this one takes and when it takes it.

≈630
always loaded
The name and description, so the model knows the skill exists and when to reach for it.
3,720
on trigger
The instruction body, read only when the skill fires.
2.2%
of a 200k window
Ten skills this size would take about 22% of the window before you open a file.
050k100k150k200k context window

4.3k tokens, estimated from the bundle at four bytes to the token, held for the rest of the session once it triggers. Heavy. Teams tend to install this one per project rather than globally, and load it only when the job comes up.

Servers bill, skills cost

A server charges by the month. A skill charges once per session, in context, and then keeps charging it for as long as the session lives.

Before and after

The same question, put to the same model twice: once as it comes, and once with these instructions loaded.

No worked example has been published for this skill yet.

The procedure it runs

The procedure has not been set out here step by step. It is in the body of its SKILL.md: the start of it is shown above, and the whole file comes with the install.

Prose, not code

These steps are written for a model to follow, not executed by a runtime. It can still be told to skip one, and it will say so when it does.

Servers it uses

None. This skill calls no MCP servers at all.

Everything it needs is in the instructions, so it works in a project with nothing connected — the model reads the file and changes how it works with what it can already reach.

Its SKILL.md does not declare which tools it asks the agent for, so what it touches is whatever the instructions themselves ask for — read them before you install it.

What it asks for
Writes filesnot declared
Network accessnot declared

This SKILL.md carries no allowed-tools line, so neither is declared. A skill grants no permissions of its own — it can only ask for tools your client already has.

What it will not do

Every skill is narrow, and the useful ones say where they stop. These are the jobs this one is the wrong tool for.

What this skill is not for has not been published here. Nothing is implied by that: it is a section the author has not filled in.

What is in the bundle

1 file, 17.4 kB on disk. A bundle is text throughout: the instructions the model reads, plus the templates it fills in.

  • SKILL.md17.4 kB
What is not in it

No dependencies and nothing executable: a skill is text the agent reads, so the bundle is 1 file you can review in full before installing.

Install

Installing copies the bundle into your project. Nothing runs at install time — the files sit on disk until the model reads them.

# Productive Failure Protocol · 4.3k tokens when loaded · macOS, Linux mkdir -p .claude/skills && t=$(mktemp -d) && curl -fsSL -o "$t/bundle.tar.gz" https://mcprush.com/api/skills/garethmanning-productive-failure-protocol/bundle.tar.gz && tar -xzf "$t/bundle.tar.gz" -C "$t" && [ -d "$t/productive-failure-protocol" ] && { [ ! -e .claude/skills/productive-failure-protocol ] || { mv .claude/skills/productive-failure-protocol "$t/.previous" && echo "Previous copy moved to $t/.previous"; }; } && mv "$t/productive-failure-protocol" .claude/skills/ && echo "Installed .claude/skills/productive-failure-protocol"
On Windows, or any OS with Node 20+
npx mcprush@latest skill add garethmanning/productive-failure-protocol

Windows PowerShell says 'running scripts is disabled on this system'? Run Set-ExecutionPolicy -Scope CurrentUser RemoteSigned once, or type npx.cmd instead of npx (codex.cmd, gemini.cmd, grok.cmd likewise). PowerShell 7 needs neither. Writes to .claude/skills/productive-failure-protocol/ in the current project. For every project instead, run mkdir -p ~/.claude/skills && t=$(mktemp -d) && curl -fsSL -o "$t/bundle.tar.gz" https://mcprush.com/api/skills/garethmanning-productive-failure-protocol/bundle.tar.gz && tar -xzf "$t/bundle.tar.gz" -C "$t" && [ -d "$t/productive-failure-protocol" ] && { [ ! -e ~/.claude/skills/productive-failure-protocol ] || { mv ~/.claude/skills/productive-failure-protocol "$t/.previous" && echo "Previous copy moved to $t/.previous"; }; } && mv "$t/productive-failure-protocol" ~/.claude/skills/ && echo "Installed ~/.claude/skills/productive-failure-protocol" (macOS, Linux) — or add --global to the npx line. The curl line replaces .claude/skills/productive-failure-protocol/ only after the download succeeds, so files left there by another skill of the same name, or by an older release, do not mix in. A copy already there is moved aside, not deleted, and the line prints where.

Which clients pick it up on their own

A skill is a folder of text. Most of these read a skills folder and pick it up without being told; the rest take the same folder another way — an upload in the app, a parameter on an API call — and then choose it by its description just the same.

Claude Code.claude/skills/
Claude DesktopCustomize › Skills
ChatGPTSkills › Create › Upload
Cursor.cursor/skills/
VS Code.github/skills/
Codex CLI.agents/skills/
Gemini CLI.gemini/skills/
Grok Build.grok/skills/
Microsoft CopilotSkills › Upload a skill
PerplexityComputer › Skills › Upload a skill
DeepSeek Harness.dsh/skills/
Zed.agents/skills/
Devin Desktop.devin/skills/
Windsurf (legacy).windsurf/skills/
OpenAI Agents SDKInstructions or sandbox Skills
HTTP / APIa request parameter
This release
Version1.0
Publishedno release date on file
PriceFree
Referencegarethmanning/productive-failure-protocol

Versions

v1.0 is what is on the shelf; no release here carries a date. Instructions change more often than APIs do — a skill can be rewritten entirely without anything it depends on moving.

v1.0
  • No earlier releases have been published to the marketplace.
Pinning

The install command always fetches the release that is current the day you run it — v1.0 today — and cannot ask for an earlier one. The copy on your disk does not change until you run it again.

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