Mental Model Agent Skill

Use this skill whenever the design will be used by people who bring prior expectations — which is essentially every design.

Context cost
4.3k tokensestimated from the bundle, loaded when it triggers
Bundle
2 files · 17.4 kBtext throughout, nothing executable
Licence
Apache-2.0the author’s own terms
Last change
—no release on file
Servers it uses
Noneruns standalone

What it does

Use this skill whenever the design will be used by people who bring prior expectations — which is essentially every design. Trigger when designing onboarding, when picking metaphors (folders, channels, projects), when reviewing why users keep getting confused, when migrating from one product convention to another, or when the user mentions "users don''t understand," "they keep doing X wrong," or "we''re inventing something new." Mental Model is one of the foundational principles in ''Universal Principles of Design'' (Lidwell, Holden, Butler 2003) and grounds most modern user-experience design.

What this skill changes about the agent has not been set out here as a list. Its SKILL.md, shown below, says it in the author’s own words.

design
Filed under

Design & Media

The skill itself

A skill is instructions the model reads, so you can see what you are getting: below is the start of its SKILL.md. The front matter loads with every session, the body loads when the skill triggers, and the whole file comes with the install.

SKILL.md13.8 kB · preview
--- name: mental-model ---
6# Mental Model
7
8A mental model is the user's internal representation of how a system works. When the user's mental model matches the system's actual behavior, interaction is smooth — the user predicts correctly, takes the right actions, and recovers from problems easily. When the mental model diverges from reality, errors and confusion follow. The designer's job is to either build a system that matches the user's existing mental model, or build the system in a way that teaches an accurate model quickly.
9
10## Definition (in our own words)
11
12Every user comes to a design with assumptions about how it will work, drawn from prior experience: how computers behave, how websites navigate, how forms validate, how billing is structured. These assumptions form a mental model — a simplified representation that lets the user predict what will happen if they take a particular action. When the prediction matches reality, the design feels intuitive. When it doesn't, the design feels confusing — or worse, the user proceeds confidently and produces unintended results.
13
14The book distinguishes two complementary mental-model types: **system models** (how the user thinks the system works internally) and **interaction models** (how the user thinks they should interact with the system). Designers tend to have rich system models and weak interaction models; users tend to have weak system models and (with use) increasingly accurate interaction models.
15
16## Origins and research lineage
17
18- **Kenneth Craik**, *The Nature of Explanation* (Cambridge University Press, 1943). The foundational text — Craik proposed that humans build internal models of external reality and run those models to predict consequences. The basis for cognitive psychology's model-based reasoning.
19- **Philip Johnson-Laird**, *Mental Models* (Cambridge, 1983). Mental models as the unit of human reasoning.
20- **Donald Norman**, *The Design of Everyday Things* (1988, 2013). Brought mental models into mainstream design vocabulary. Norman distinguished the **designer's model** (what the designer intended), the **system image** (what the design actually presents), and the **user's model** (what the user infers from the system image). The designer's job is to make the system image clearly communicate the intended model.
21- **Lidwell, Holden & Butler** (2003) compactly distinguish system models from interaction models. The book's central case: anti-lock brakes whose interaction model differed from conventional brakes (don't pump; brake firmly and steer). Drivers using the wrong interaction model didn't get the safety benefit.
22- **D. Gentner & A. Stevens (eds.)**, *Mental Models* (Erlbaum, 1983). Collected research on how people form and use mental models.
23
24## The two model types
This is a preview of SKILL.md. Download or install the skill to get the whole thing.
In the file
SKILL.md2,077 words
Files2
LicenceApache-2.0
Why you can read it

Nothing in a skill executes. The client loads the text and the model follows it, so a skill can be audited the way a runbook is — by reading it.

What it costs in context

Skills are not billed by the call. They are paid for in context: every token the instructions occupy is a token your code, your diff and your conversation cannot use. Here is what this one takes and when it takes it.

≈160
always loaded
The name and description, so the model knows the skill exists and when to reach for it.
4,190
on trigger
The instruction body and 1 supporting file, read only when the skill fires.
2.2%
of a 200k window
Ten skills this size would take about 22% of the window before you open a file.
050k100k150k200k context window

4.3k tokens, estimated from the bundle at four bytes to the token, held for the rest of the session once it triggers. Heavy. Teams tend to install this one per project rather than globally, and load it only when the job comes up.

Servers bill, skills cost

A server charges by the month. A skill charges once per session, in context, and then keeps charging it for as long as the session lives.

Before and after

The same question, put to the same model twice: once as it comes, and once with these instructions loaded.

No worked example has been published for this skill yet.

The procedure it runs

The procedure has not been set out here step by step. It is in the body of its SKILL.md: the start of it is shown above, and the whole file comes with the install.

Prose, not code

These steps are written for a model to follow, not executed by a runtime. It can still be told to skip one, and it will say so when it does.

Servers it uses

None. This skill calls no MCP servers at all.

Everything it needs is in the instructions, so it works in a project with nothing connected — the model reads the file and changes how it works with what it can already reach.

Its SKILL.md does not declare which tools it asks the agent for, so what it touches is whatever the instructions themselves ask for — read them before you install it.

What it asks for
Writes filesnot declared
Network accessnot declared

This SKILL.md carries no allowed-tools line, so neither is declared. A skill grants no permissions of its own — it can only ask for tools your client already has.

What it will not do

Every skill is narrow, and the useful ones say where they stop. These are the jobs this one is the wrong tool for.

What this skill is not for has not been published here. Nothing is implied by that: it is a section the author has not filled in.

What is in the bundle

2 files, 17.4 kB on disk. A bundle is text throughout: the instructions the model reads, plus the templates it fills in.

  • SKILL.md13.8 kB
  • references/research-and-norman.md3.6 kB
What is not in it

No dependencies and nothing executable: a skill is text the agent reads, so the bundle is 2 files you can review in full before installing. The Apache-2.0 licence covers the templates and examples as well as the instructions.

Install

Installing copies the bundle into your project. Nothing runs at install time — the files sit on disk until the model reads them.

# Mental Model · 4.3k tokens when loaded · macOS, Linux mkdir -p .claude/skills && t=$(mktemp -d) && curl -fsSL -o "$t/bundle.tar.gz" https://mcprush.com/api/skills/mental-model/bundle.tar.gz && tar -xzf "$t/bundle.tar.gz" -C "$t" && [ -d "$t/mental-model" ] && { [ ! -e .claude/skills/mental-model ] || { mv .claude/skills/mental-model "$t/.previous" && echo "Previous copy moved to $t/.previous"; }; } && mv "$t/mental-model" .claude/skills/ && echo "Installed .claude/skills/mental-model"
On Windows, or any OS with Node 20+
npx mcprush@latest skill add hashgraph-online/mental-model

Windows PowerShell says 'running scripts is disabled on this system'? Run Set-ExecutionPolicy -Scope CurrentUser RemoteSigned once, or type npx.cmd instead of npx (codex.cmd, gemini.cmd, grok.cmd likewise). PowerShell 7 needs neither. Writes to .claude/skills/mental-model/ in the current project. For every project instead, run mkdir -p ~/.claude/skills && t=$(mktemp -d) && curl -fsSL -o "$t/bundle.tar.gz" https://mcprush.com/api/skills/mental-model/bundle.tar.gz && tar -xzf "$t/bundle.tar.gz" -C "$t" && [ -d "$t/mental-model" ] && { [ ! -e ~/.claude/skills/mental-model ] || { mv ~/.claude/skills/mental-model "$t/.previous" && echo "Previous copy moved to $t/.previous"; }; } && mv "$t/mental-model" ~/.claude/skills/ && echo "Installed ~/.claude/skills/mental-model" (macOS, Linux) — or add --global to the npx line. The curl line replaces .claude/skills/mental-model/ only after the download succeeds, so files left there by another skill of the same name, or by an older release, do not mix in. A copy already there is moved aside, not deleted, and the line prints where.

Which clients pick it up on their own

A skill is a folder of text. Most of these read a skills folder and pick it up without being told; the rest take the same folder another way — an upload in the app, a parameter on an API call — and then choose it by its description just the same.

Claude Code.claude/skills/
Claude DesktopCustomize › Skills
ChatGPTSkills › Create › Upload
Cursor.cursor/skills/
VS Code.github/skills/
Codex CLI.agents/skills/
Gemini CLI.gemini/skills/
Grok Build.grok/skills/
Microsoft CopilotSkills › Upload a skill
PerplexityComputer › Skills › Upload a skill
DeepSeek Harness.dsh/skills/
Zed.agents/skills/
Devin Desktop.devin/skills/
Windsurf (legacy).windsurf/skills/
OpenAI Agents SDKInstructions or sandbox Skills
HTTP / APIa request parameter
This release
Versionnot versioned
Publishedno release date on file
PriceFree
Referencehashgraph-online/mental-model

Versions

Its author publishes no version number, so there is nothing here to pin to: what you install is the folder as it stands today. Instructions change more often than APIs do — a skill can be rewritten entirely without anything it depends on moving.

Pinning

Nothing to pin to: this skill carries no version number of its own. What you install is what the folder holds on the day you install it.

Reviews

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Publisher
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