11# Deepspeed Skill
12
13Comprehensive assistance with deepspeed development, generated from official documentation.
14
15## When to Use This Skill
16
17This skill should be triggered when:
18- Working with deepspeed
19- Asking about deepspeed features or APIs
20- Implementing deepspeed solutions
21- Debugging deepspeed code
22- Learning deepspeed best practices
23
24## Quick Reference
25
26### Common Patterns
27
28**Pattern 1:** DeepNVMe Contents Requirements Creating DeepNVMe Handles Using DeepNVMe Handles Blocking File Write Non-Blocking File Write Parallel File Write Pinned Tensors Putting it together Acknowledgements Appendix Advanced Handle Creation Performance Tuning DeepNVMe APIs General I/O APIs GDS-specific APIs Handle Settings APIs This tutorial will show how to use DeepNVMe for data transfers between persistent storage and tensors residing in host or device memory. DeepNVMe improves the performance and efficiency of I/O operations in Deep Learning applications through powerful optimizations built on Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe) Solid State Drives (SSDs), Linux Asynchronous I/O (libaio), and NVIDIA Magnum IOTM GPUDirect® Storage (GDS). Requirements Ensure your environment is properly configured to use DeepNVMe. First, you need to install DeepSpeed version >= 0.15.0. Next, ensure that the DeepNVMe operators are available in the DeepSpeed installation. The async_io operator is required for any DeepNVMe functionality, while the gds operator is required only for GDS functionality. You can confirm availability of each operator by inspecting the output of ds_report to check that compatible status is [OKAY]. Below is a snippet of ds_report output confirming the availability of both async_io and gds operators. If async_io operator is unavailable, you will need to install the appropriate libaio library binaries for your Linux flavor. For example, Ubuntu users will need to run apt install libaio-dev. In general, you should carefully inspect ds_report output for helpful tips such as the following: [WARNING] async_io requires the dev libaio .so object and headers but these were not found. [WARNING] async_io: please install the libaio-dev package with apt [WARNING] If libaio is already installed (perhaps from source), try setting the CFLAGS and LDFLAGS environment variables to where it can be found. To enable gds operator, you will need to install NVIDIA GDS by consulting the appropriate guide for bare-metal systems or Azure VMs (coming soon). Creating DeepNVMe Handles DeepNVMe functionality can be accessed through two abstractions: aio_handle and gds_handle. The aio_handle is usable on both host and device tensors. while gds_handle works only on CUDA tensors, but is more efficient. The first step to use DeepNVMe is to create a desired handle. aio_handle requires async_io operator, while gds_handle requires both async_io and gds operators. The following snippets illustrate aio_handle and gds_handle creation respectively. ### Create aio_handle from deepspeed.ops.op_builder import AsyncIOBuilder aio_handle = AsyncIOBuilder().load().aio_handle() ### Create gds_handle from deepspeed.ops.op_builder import GDSBuilder gds_handle = GDSBuilder().load().gds_handle() For simplicity, the above examples illustrate handle creation using default parameters. We expect that handles created with default parameters to provide good performance in most environments. However, you can see below for advanced handle creation. Using DeepNVMe Handles aio_handle and gds_handle provide identical APIs for storing tensors to files or loading tensors from files. A common feature of these APIs is that they take a tensor and a file path as arguments for the desired I/O operation. For best performance, pinned device or host tensors should be used for I/O operations (see here for details). For brevity, this tutorial will use aio_handle for illustration, but keep in mind that gds_handle works similarly. You can see the available APIs in a Python shell via tab completion on an aio_handle object . This is illustrated using tab completion of h.. >python Python 3.10.12 (main, Jul 29 2024, 16:56:48) [GCC 11.4.0] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> from deepspeed.ops.op_builder import AsyncIOBuilder >>> h = AsyncIOBuilder().load().aio_handle() >>> h. h.async_pread( h.free_cpu_locked_tensor( h.get_overlap_events( h.get_single_submit( h.new_cpu_locked_tensor( h.pwrite( h.sync_pread( h.wait( h.async_pwrite( h.get_block_size( h.get_queue_depth( h.get_intra_op_parallelism( h.pread( h.read( h.sync_pwrite( h.write( The APIs of interest for performing I/O operations are those named with pread and pwrite substrings. For brevity, we will focus on the file write APIs, namely sync_pwrite, async_pwrite, and pwrite. We will discuss only sync_pwrite and async_pwrite below because they are specializations of pwrite. Blocking File Write sync_pwrite provides the standard blocking semantics of Python file write. The example below illustrates using sync_pwrite to store a 1GB CUDA tensor to a local NVMe file. >>> import os >>> os.path.isfile('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') False >>> import torch >>> t=torch.empty(1024**3, dtype=torch.uint8).cuda() >>> from deepspeed.ops.op_builder import AsyncIOBuilder >>> h = AsyncIOBuilder().load().aio_handle() >>> h.sync_pwrite(t,'/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') >>> os.path.isfile('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') True >>> os.path.getsize('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') 1073741824 Non-Blocking File Write An important DeepNVMe optimization is the non-blocking I/O semantics which enables Python threads to overlap computations with I/O operations. async_pwrite provides the non-blocking semantics for file writes. The Python thread can later use wait() to synchronize with the I/O operation. async_write can also be used to submit multiple back-to-back non-blocking I/O operations, of which can then be later blocked on using a single wait(). The example below illustrates using async_pwrite to store a 1GB CUDA tensor to a local NVMe file. >>> import os >>> os.path.isfile('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') False >>> import torch >>> t=torch.empty(1024**3, dtype=torch.uint8).cuda() >>> from deepspeed.ops.op_builder import AsyncIOBuilder >>> h = AsyncIOBuilder().load().aio_handle() >>> h.async_pwrite(t,'/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') >>> h.wait() 1 >>> os.path.isfile('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') True >>> os.path.getsize('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') 1073741824 Warning for non-blocking I/O operations: To avoid data races and corruptions, .wait() must be carefully used to serialize the writing of source tensors, and the reading of destination tensors. For example, the following update of t during a non-blocking file write is unsafe and could corrupt /local_nvme/test_1GB.pt. >>> t=torch.empty(1024**3, dtype=torch.uint8).cuda() >>> from deepspeed.ops.op_builder import AsyncIOBuilder >>> h = AsyncIOBuilder().load().aio_handle() >>> h.async_pwrite(t,'/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') >>> t += 1 # <--- Data race; avoid by preceding with h.wait() Similar safety problems apply to reading the destination tensor of a non-blocking file read without .wait() synchronization. Parallel File Write An important DeepNVMe optimization is the ability to parallelize individual I/O operations. This optimization is enabled by specifying the desired parallelism degree when constructing a DeepNVMe handle. Subsequent I/O operations with that handle are automatically parallelized over the requested number of host or device threads, as appropriate. I/O parallelism is composable with either the blocking or non-blocking I/O APIs. The example below illustrates 4-way parallelism of a file write using async_pwrite. Note the use of intra_op_parallelism argument to specify the desired parallelism degree in handle creation. >>> import os >>> os.path.isfile('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') False >>> import torch >>> t=torch.empty(1024**3, dtype=torch.uint8).cuda() >>> from deepspeed.ops.op_builder import AsyncIOBuilder >>> h = AsyncIOBuilder().load().aio_handle(intra_op_parallelism=4) >>> h.async_pwrite(t,'/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') >>> h.wait() 1 >>> os.path.isfile('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') True >>> os.path.getsize('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') 1073741824 Pinned Tensors A key part of DeepNVMe optimizations is using direct memory access (DMA) for I/O operations, which requires that the host or device tensor be pinned. To pin host tensors, you can use mechanisms provided by Pytorch or DeepSpeed Accelerators. The following example illustrates writing a pinned CPU tensor to a local NVMe file. >>> import os >>> os.path.isfile('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') False >>> import torch >>> t=torch.empty(1024**3, dtype=torch.uint8).pin_memory() >>> from deepspeed.ops.op_builder import AsyncIOBuilder >>> h = AsyncIOBuilder().load().aio_handle() >>> h.async_pwrite(t,'/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') >>> h.wait() 1 >>> os.path.isfile('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') True >>> os.path.getsize('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') 1073741824 On the other hand,gds_handle provides new_pinned_device_tensor() and pin_device_tensor() functions for pinning CUDA tensors. The following example illustrates writing a pinned CUDA tensor to a local NVMe file. >>> import os >>> os.path.isfile('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') False >>> import torch >>> t=torch.empty(1024**3, dtype=torch.uint8).cuda() >>> from deepspeed.ops.op_builder import GDSBuilder >>> h = GDSBuilder().load().gds_handle() >>> h.pin_device_tensor(t) >>> h.async_pwrite(t,'/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') >>> h.wait() 1 >>> os.path.isfile('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') True >>> os.path.getsize('/local_nvme/test_1GB.pt') 1073741824 >>> h.unpin_device_tensor(t) Putting it together We hope that the above material helps you to get started with DeepNVMe. You can also use the following links to see DeepNVMe usage in real-world Deep Learning applications. Parameter swapper in ZeRO-Inference and ZeRO-Infinity. Optimizer swapper in ZeRO-Infinity. Gradient swapper in ZeRO-Infinity. Simple file read and write operations. Acknowledgements This tutorial has been significantly improved by feedback from Guanhua Wang, Masahiro Tanaka, and Stas Bekman. Appendix Advanced Handle Creation Achieving peak I/O performance with DeepNVMe requires careful configuration of handle creation. In particular, the parameters of aio_handle and gds_handle constructors are performance-critical because they determine how efficiently DeepNVMe interacts with the underlying storage subsystem (i.e., libaio, GDS, PCIe, and SSD). For convenience we make it possible to create handles using default parameter values which will provide decent performance in most scenarios. However, squeezing out every available performance in your environment will likely require tuning the constructor parameters, namely block_size, queue_depth, single_submit, overlap_events, and intra_op_parallelism. The aio_handle constructor parameters and default values are illustrated below: >>> from deepspeed.ops.op_builder import AsyncIOBuilder >>> help(AsyncIOBuilder().load().aio_handle()) Help on aio_handle in module async_io object: class aio_handle(pybind11_builtins.pybind11_object) | Method resolution order: | aio_handle | pybind11_builtins.pybind11_object | builtins.object | | Methods defined here: | | __init__(...) | __init__(self: async_io.aio_handle, block_size: int = 1048576, queue_depth: int = 128, single_submit: bool = False, overlap_events: bool = False, intra_op_parallelism: int = 1) -> None | | AIO handle constructor Performance Tuning As discussed earlier, achieving peak DeepNVMe performance for a target workload or environment requires using optimally configured aio_handle or gds_handle handles. For configuration convenience, we provide a utility called ds_nvme_tune to automate the discovery of optimal DeepNVMe configurations. ds_nvme_tune automatically explores a user-specified or default configuration space and recommends the option that provides the best read and write performance. Below is an example usage of ds_nvme_tune to tune aio_handle data transfers between GPU memory and a local NVVMe SSD mounted on /local_nvme. This example used the default configuration space of ds_nvme_tune for tuning. $ ds_nvme_tune --nvme_dir /local_nvme --gpu Running DeepNVMe performance tuning on ['/local_nvme/'] Best performance (GB/sec): read = 3.69, write = 3.18 { "aio": { "single_submit": "false", "overlap_events": "true", "intra_op_parallelism": 8, "queue_depth": 32, "block_size": 1048576 } } The above tuning was executed on a Lambda workstation equipped with two NVIDIA A6000-48GB GPUs, 252GB of DRAM, and a CS3040 NVMe 2TB SDD with peak read and write speeds of 5.6 GB/s and 4.3 GB/s respectively. The tuning required about four and half minutes. Based on the results, one can expect to achieve read and write transfer speeds of 3.69 GB/sec and 3.18 GB/sec respectively by using an aio_handle configured as below. >>> from deepspeed.ops.op_builder import AsyncIOBuilder >>> h = AsyncIOBuilder().load().aio_handle(block_size=1048576, queue_depth=32, single_submit=False, overlap_events=True, intra_op_parallelism=8) The full command line options of ds_nvme_tune can be obtained via the normal -h or --help. usage: ds_nvme_tune [-h] --nvme_dir NVME_DIR [NVME_DIR ...] [--sweep_config SWEEP_CONFIG] [--no_read] [--no_write] [--io_size IO_SIZE] [--gpu] [--gds] [--flush_page_cache] [--log_dir LOG_DIR] [--loops LOOPS] [--verbose] options: -h, --help show this help message and exit --nvme_dir NVME_DIR [NVME_DIR ...] Directory in which to perform I/O tests. A writeable directory on a NVMe device. --sweep_config SWEEP_CONFIG Performance sweep configuration json file. --no_read Disable read performance measurements. --no_write Disable write performance measurements. --io_size IO_SIZE Number of I/O bytes to read/write for performance measurements. --gpu Test tensor transfers between GPU device and NVME device. --gds Run the sweep over NVIDIA GPUDirectStorage operator --flush_page_cache Page cache will not be flushed and reported read speeds may be higher than actual ***Requires sudo access***. --log_dir LOG_DIR Output directory for performance log files. Default is ./_aio_bench_logs --loops LOOPS Count of operation repetitions --verbose Print debugging information. DeepNVMe APIs For convenience, we provide listing and brief descriptions of the DeepNVMe APIs. General I/O APIs The following functions are used for I/O operations with both aio_handle and gds_handle. Function Description async_pread Non-blocking file read into tensor sync_pread Blocking file read into tensor pread File read with blocking and non-blocking options async_pwrite Non-blocking file write from tensor sync_pwrite Blocking file write from tensor pwrite File write with blocking and non-blocking options wait Wait for non-blocking I/O operations to complete GDS-specific APIs The following functions are available only for gds_handle Function Description new_pinned_device_tensor Allocate and pin a device tensor free_pinned_device_tensor Unpin and free a device tensor pin_device_tensor Pin a device tensor unpin_device_tensor unpin a device tensor Handle Settings APIs The following APIs can be used to probe handle configuration. Function Description get_queue_depth Return queue depth setting get_single_submit Return whether single_submit is enabled get_intra_op_parallelism Return I/O parallelism degree get_block_size Return I/O block size setting get_overlap_events Return whether overlap_event is enabled Updated: November 5, 2025 Previous Next
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